Paris Marx's new book Hyperscale examines the massive infrastructure push behind big tech data centers, detailing energy constraints, water usage disputes, and regulatory friction as AI demands collide with local grid and environmental limits.

The first obstacles in the Netherlands, Singapore and Ireland

Countries like the Netherlands and Singapore had imposed restrictions and “freezes” on the construction of such facilities as early as 2019. Ireland, meanwhile, passed restrictions in 2021 due to shortages in available electricity. Companies in Ireland have even pushed for legislation that would allow individuals to build electricity cables. At the same time, the launch of ChatGPT in late 2022 has skyrocketed demand for AI infrastructure.

Water secrecy and deforestation

In the town of The Dales, Oregon, Google tried to keep water consumption data secret for almost a year until the local community discovered that the company was using 29% of the area’s water.…