Ashkin, A., Dziedzic, J. M., Bjorkholm, J. E. & Chu, S. Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles. Opt. Lett. 11 , 288–290 (1986).

Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Paul, W. Electromagnetic traps for charged and neutral particles. Rev. Mod. Phys. 62 , 531–540 (1990).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Eigler, D. M. & Schweizer, E. K. Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope. Nature 344 , 524–526 (1990).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Bloch, I., Dalibard, J. & Zwerger, W. Many-body physics with ultracold gases. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 , 885–964 (2008).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Blatt, R. & Roos, C. F. Quantum simulations with trapped ions. Nat. Phys. 8 , 277–284 (2012).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Khajetoorians, A. A., Wegner, D., Otte, A. F. & Swart, I. Creating designer quantum states of matter atom-by-atom. Nat. Rev. Phys. 1 , 703–715 (2019).

Article Google Scholar

Crewe, A. V., Wall, J. & Langmore, J. Visibility of single atoms.…