The world’s largest Arctic coastal power sees enormous economic, trade, and military potential in the region amid rivalry with the West

“Russia’s future... lies in the Arctic,” President Vladimir Putin declared last year, portraying the frozen north as a cornerstone of national prosperity for generations to come.

One look at a map shows why: The country accounts for approximately 53% of the Arctic Ocean’s coastline, according to the Arctic Council, making it the world’s largest Arctic power in geographical terms.

However, the stakes go well beyond geography, as Russia’s Arctic territories contain enormous oil, gas, and mineral reserves, host vital elements of its nuclear deterrent, and accommodate multiple military bases.

As climate change and retreating sea ice gradually open new opportunities for maritime navigation, Moscow is also seeking to transform the Northern Sea Route into a lucrative trade artery connecting Europe and Asia.

Meanwhile, both NATO and the EU are increasingly challenging Russia’s…