When the Air Quality Index (AQI) crosses 400, stepping outdoors can become a serious health concern. While coughing, throat irritation and breathlessness are among the immediate symptoms people may experience, the effects of prolonged exposure to extremely polluted air can extend far beyond the respiratory system.

Fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, can penetrate deep into the lungs and, in some cases, enter the bloodstream. This can trigger inflammation and oxidative stress, affecting not just the lungs but also the heart and blood vessels. Over time, exposure can worsen existing respiratory illnesses, compromise lung function and increase the risk of cardiovascular complications.

The risks are particularly concerning for older adults and people living with conditions such as asthma, diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, whose bodies may already be more vulnerable to the effects of environmental stressors.

Dr Akshay Budhraja, Senior Consultant and Head of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine at…