Why Promise.race, Promise.all, and async helpers need an ownership model for cancellation, cleanup, and production agent work.

Three providers. One winner. Three invoices.

const winner = await Promise . race ([ fetch ( OPENAI , { body }), fetch ( ANTHROPIC , { body }), fetch ( GEMINI , { body }), ]);

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It is easy to assume a race cancels the losers. Native Promise.race resolves on the first settlement and leaves every other promise running unless the caller wires cancellation into each branch. TCP completes. Tokens bill. .then callbacks fire. Cleanup remains a manual convention. Promise.any and Promise.all have the same ownership gap.

Native promises model values, not ownership.…