GraphQL gives developers a flexible way to request data through a single API endpoint. Instead of working with multiple REST routes, clients can request exactly the fields they need. However, this flexibility can also create security risks when access controls, input validation, and query limits are not configured correctly.

For penetration testers, GraphQL requires more than checking whether an endpoint is publicly accessible. The important work is understanding the schema, testing permissions, and checking how the server handles complex or unexpected requests.

Testing should only be performed on systems where explicit authorization has been granted.

Identify the GraphQL Endpoint and Understand the Schema Start by identifying the GraphQL endpoint. Common paths include /graphql, /api/graphql, and /query, although applications can use custom routes.

Check whether the endpoint is reachable over HTTPS and whether it exposes development tools such as GraphiQL or GraphQL Playground.…