Israelis will vote Tuesday in the first national elections since Hamas’ Oct. 7, 2023, attack in what is widely seen as a referendum on Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ‘s leadership.

The deadliest day in Israel’s history features prominently in the campaign, but not in the way many outsiders might expect.

There’s been almost no debate over Israel’s wartime conduct in Gaza — which led to an international arrest warrant against Netanyahu — its occupation of much of southern Lebanon and parts of Syria, or its two wars launched against Iran, all of which have broad support.

Instead, candidates have focused on Netanyahu’s leadership and moral character; his role in the security breakdown on Oct.…