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A century ago, when universities wanted to mold students into highly "literate" graduates, they exposed them to the greatest works of literature, assigned analytical essays and held classroom debates.

As the internet age dawned a few decades ago, colleges recognized the need to update their curricula and teaching methods — to ensure that students didn't merely master the great books, but also acquired the digital literacy skills to succeed in the 21st-century workforce.

Now, another seismic shift is underway. Artificial intelligence is reshaping how people learn and work at every stage of life. This time, universities will not only have to update what and how they teach, but also how long they teach it.…