#Moesm1

Terrestrial water availability is a key determinant of human and ecosystem well-being1,2. Apart from mean precipitation and evaporation changes3,4, it is unknown how daily-scale precipitation concentration into fewer, heavier events affects hydrologic…

Navigation is a crucial capability for both animals and robots. Although tiny flying insects can robustly navigate over long distances1, state-of-the-art robot navigation methods are computationally expensive and therefore restricted to large robots2,3.…

Homo erectus remains have been found in Africa, Eurasia and Southeast Asia1–3, dating back around two million years; however, owing to their age and state of preservation, obtaining informative molecular data from them has proved challenging.…

Cellular dormancy enables survival during prolonged nutrient limitation by reversibly suppressing protein synthesis1–4. How inactive eukaryotic ribosomes are reactivated when nutrients return remains unclear.…

All folded proteins continuously fluctuate between their low-energy native structures and higher-energy conformations that can be partially or fully unfolded.…

Optimal sleep has a vital role in promoting healthy ageing and enhancing longevity. Here we propose Sleep Chart to assess the relationship between self-reported sleep duration and 23 biological ageing clocks derived from in vivo imaging1, plasma…

Global reporting of obesity is commonly based on comparisons over multiple decades1 and lacks a granular and systematic analysis of its dynamics.…

There are around 100 genes or copy-number variations used in genetic testing for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)1,2. The established genes are protein coding, and the associated phenotypes usually extend beyond sociobehavioural traits seen in autism,…

The human brain relies on a complex network of connections to function, with white matter acting as the primary communication highway between different brain regions1,2.…

Alkenes are widely used functional groups in synthetic chemistry, important for producing polymers, detergents, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. When treated with electrophiles, alkenes typically undergo addition, not substitution, reactions1.…

As a chronically replicating virus, HIV has evolved extreme sequence variability and effective shielding of functionally constrained spike protein determinants by host-derived glycans1.…

Artificial intelligence developers are increasingly building language models with warm and friendly personas that millions of people now use for advice, therapy and companionship1.…

While human activities are driving widespread declines in wildlife populations1,2, in Central Africa, the meat of wild animals, or wild meat, represents a major component of the diets of millions of people3.…

The global decrease in species diversity from low to high latitudes is among the most robust biogeographic patterns1,2. There is continuing debate on the contribution of conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) to the latitudinal diversity gradient…

Despite decades of biochemical and structural studies of the nucleosome1, researchers lack genome-scale methods to determine variability in nucleosome structure along individual chromatin fibres.…

The emergence of new political and social structures in Western and Central Europe during the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages has long been attributed to large-scale migrations.…

An effective immune system must sample and develop healthy self-identity to prevent autoimmunity and to discern pathogenic insults1–3. Self-proteins are presented to T cells in the thymus during immune cell development2,3 and must be presented throughout…

Indigenous peoples of America represent the last principal expansion of humans across the globe1, yet their genetic history remains one of the least explored2.…

Human cooperation is dynamic and often declines even under favourable conditions1–4. Many prevailing theories explain the decrease of cooperation in terms of strategic behaviour or learning, framed as evidence of rational behaviour or progression towards…

Metals and ceramics have contrasting limitations—metals exhibit lower strength and poor high-temperature stability, whereas ceramics are inherently brittle.…